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Direct Human Benefits:

Economics:

Enforcement:

A major challenge in developing Marine Protected areas is the enforceability of the borders that are set.  Borders must stay relatively constant, because frequently shifting borders cause confusion among those wanting to fish near the areas.  Most violations of Marine Protected Areas are committed close to the borders, so the boats have a chance to leave quickly and dispute that they were ever in the area.  New technology can serve as a great help in monitoring Marine Protected Areas.  One possibility is to require trackers on individual boats to ensure they do not cross protected borders.  Sea or air patrol can pinpoint the locations at which violations occur.  There are also simple ways to limit the number of violations of Marine Protected Areas.  One is to strive for a balance that avoids too large of a Marine Protected Area that exceeds the capabilities of the work force monitoring it or several small Marine Protected Areas, which increase the length of the perimeters that needs to be monitored.  Also, it is important to promote a local sense of support for the Marine Protected Areas.  This creates a form of peer surveillance in which fishers outside of the protected areas will help enforce the statutes as well. (Jones, Peter 2004).

Education:

Fishery education is easily promoted through MPAs. Bringing awareness through tourism is a fantastic form of mass education. School age kids can be educated with field trips to the MPA and school age kids is where the future of our oceans lie. In addition to the fact that kids often bring what they learned from school trips home with them. MPAs make it easier to increase public access to information about marine areas. Visitor centers, museums, and tourist boat trips are how knowledge of the fishery problem will become public.

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Roberts, C.M, et al. (1997). Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries. Science 294:1920-1923.

Russ, G. R., Alcala, A. C., Maypa, A.P.(2003).Spillover from marine reserves: The case of Naso vlamingii at ApoIsland, The Philippines.  Marine Ecological Progress Series 264: 15-20.

United Nations Environment Program.  (2006) UNEP World Database on Protected Areas. Retrieved 11 November 2007.  <http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/Image Removed>>.

Jones, Peter. (2004).  Collective Action Problems Posed by No-Take Zones. Remax House, London.