This doesn't belong here because it isn't a solution

"We depend on the oceans---for food, jobs, recreation and solace. Ocean currents circulate the energy and water that regulate the earth's climate and weather and thus affect many aspects of the human experience, whether we live on the nation's coasts or its heartland"(Pew).

Climate Change 

       Over the past century or so, the earth has seen a significant rise in average global temperatures. Studies show that average surface temperatures have been rising at a rate of approximately 0.1°C/decade, which is significant when compared to estimates of historical values (IPCC, 2001). Whether this is primarily a result of anthropogenic influences such as emission of greenhouse gases, or of natural repeating fluctuations in climate, global warming will have a profound effect upon the oceans and should therefore be of great concern to anyone in charge of global fisheries. It is also very likely that global warming will accelerate in the near future due to positive feedback mechanisms (IPCC, 2001). Climate change is somewhat difficult to monitor, and even more so to predict accurately. Despite this, research on current systems as well as research into past global warming events provides us with an idea of what might be expected in future years. By knowing the general trends of climate change, an understanding effect on fisheries can be extrapolated.

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The Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean) is important to managing climate change with respect to the worldwide ocean because the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) allows for mixing between the three great oceans. The ACC also serves to buffer Antarctica from the variable climate of higher latitudes (Gille 2002). Furthermore, Antarctic fish have a low tolerance for increases in temperature. This intolerance is due to the fact that in low temperature water, oxygen is more soluble in colder water than in warmer water, so Antarctica fish have a lower capacity for transporting oxygen in their blood, such as having fewer red blood cells. that would not be sufficient at higher temperatures (Mark 2002). Since the 1950's though the 1990's the water in the Southern Ocean has increased 0.17ºC±.06ºC. This a greater change than the overall ocean (Gille 2002). 

North Atlantic

There is evidence of lower salinity in the North Atlantic coming from melting of polar ice caps and diluting the ocean with more fresh water.   An increased amount of fresh water could come from glaciers or sea ice melting, an increased amount of precipitation or from rivers.  The freshening of the oceans could have a damaging effect on the Ocean Conveyor.  There are different scenarios for the slowing down of the ocean conveyor between the next two decade or in a hundred years (Gagosian, 2007). There is paleoclimatic evidence for rapid climatic changes as a result of the shut down of the ocean conveyor. If this were to happen, the Gulf Stream could possibly be deflected downwards, which would prevent the transfer of warm water from the tropics to the high Northern latitudes. In this scenario the high latitude would go through a very rapid cooling periods that could have devastating effects on the ecosystem (Gagosian, 2007). For this reason we assert that this region should be carefully monitored in order to recognize this trend early. There should also be a significant effort put into maintaining the robustness of the ecosystem in this area. To do this, restrictions placed on the fishery in this region should be higher than they would otherwise be set. If research proves this scenario is not the case, or that it will happen on longer time scales, such restrictions would be able to be scaled back.

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    Another team of scientists studied how the depth of water and climate change related to fish populations. The science team examined 555 specimens ranging in age from two to 128 years, with birth years from 1861 to 1993. Growth rates of a coastal species, juvenile morwong, in the 1990s were 28.5 per cent faster than at the beginning of the period under assessment in the mid-1950s.  By comparison, juvenile oreos, a species found at depths of around 1,000 meters, were growing 27.9 per cent slower than in the 1860s. There was no or little change in the growth rates of species found between 500 and 1,000 meters. correlations for long-lived shallow and deep-water species suggest that water temperatures have been a primary factor in determining juvenile growth rates in the species examined - Banded morwong, redfish, Jackass Morwong, Spiky, black, smooth and Warty Oreo and Orange roughy. In the southwest Pacific east of Tasmania sea surface temperatures have risen nearly two degrees, based on the results of a monitoring program at Maria Island.  Coinciding with this has been a southward shift in South Pacific zonal winds, which has strengthened the warm, pole ward-flowing East Australian Current. (CSIRO, 2007).

Works Cited

North Pacific

Rising temperature of climate change is already noticeable in the deep layers of the Japan Sea and the shrinking ice of the Sea of Okhotsk, while rising sea levels have been occurring along Sanriku coasts and the Pacific Ocean side for the past 100 years. Southern plankton never been seen as north as Japan now threatens oysters, shellfish and sardine, all of which are important to Japan's fishing industry. (Ichikawa, 104-105) The great change afflicted by even a few degrees rise in temperature is evident in the case of bluefin tuna. Able to spawn up to six degrees below its optimal temperature of 26 degrees Celsius, bluefin tuna, however, cannot spawn three degrees above that number. Based on the study and projection of Shingo Kimura, professor of marine environmental science at the University of Tokyo, tuna population, already hurt by overfishing, will be so exacerbated that populations will shrink to 37% its current levels by 2099. As Japan is the biggest supplies of bluefin tuna and given the internationality of the fishing industry, a decline in numbers hurt will also hurt China, South Korean, China, and the US. (Bluefin, 1) In a culture that is based on fishing, Japan faces not just the threat of environmental change but also of cultural change.
The increased carbon dioxide from combustion has in turn increased acidity of the ocean by 30%, drastically altering the chemistry of the ocean. In the North Pacific waters, which is the most in general more acidic than other waters because it is colder, older, and absorbs more carbon, coral reef are being tested at saturation points, when growth cannot overcome disintegration due to acidity. (Brenton, 1) In the Indo-Pacific waters, which hold 75% the world's coral reefs, researchers of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found in surveys found study decline, threatening tourism, that coastal regions that once found safety behind the buffering reefs, and fisheries. (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1)
As Royce Pollard of Vancouver, Washington said, "The fish gave us our first indication." (Joling, 1) The effect of climate change on fisheries in many cases is a warning sign of more adverse effects to follow. In the case of Alaska salmon run failures of 1997-1998, Chinook salmon catch were only 43,500, half than that of the catch the year before. Though for the next year, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game forecasted a catch of 24.8 million, only 12.1 million were caught. Also in 1997-1998, Alaska experienced a 2.0 degrees Celsius increase in surface temperature and a 1.5-2.0 degrees Celsius increase in deep ocean temperature. (Kruse , 61) Pacific white-dolphins, albacore, walleye Pollock, all southern species, were sighted in northern Gulf of Alaska. A sub-polar phytoplankton known as Coccolithophore blooms appeared suddenly, indicating high light intensity and low nutrients in the water. All these changes, which were already predicted in 1995 by ocean scientists who studied global warming on the Bering Sea, confirmed the need to understand more climate change in Alaska. (Kruse, 60)
As a result, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the Marine Conservation Alliance have closed US waters in the Arctic Ocean to fishing until enough research is present to understand climate change and until a management regime is put in place for climate change. (Marine Conservation Alliance, 1)
Bluefin tuna face global warming threat. (2006, December 26). _Kyodo News._ Retrieved November 7, 2007 from http://ccchina.gov/ch/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=6691.
Bernton, Hal. (2007, April 25). Sea life at risk as acid levels rise in oceans. _Seattle_ _Times_. Retrieved November 9, 2007 from China Climate Change Info-Net online: http://www.ccchina.gov/cn/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=7648
Ichikawa, Atsunobu. (Ed.). (2004). _Global Warming-The Research Challenges: A Report of Japan's Global Warming Initiative_. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Joling, Dan. (2007, September 18) Mayors gather in Alaska to discuss their cities' response to global warming. _Associated Press_. Retrieved November 7, 2007, from http://www.ccchina.gov/cn/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=5954.
Kruse, Gordon H. (1998). Salmon Run Failures in 1997-1998: A Link to Anomalous Ocean Conditions? \[Electronic version\]. _Alaska_ _Fishery Research Bulletin_, Vol. 5 No. 1, 54-63.
Marine Conservation Alliance. (2007, June) International Agreement Needed to Protect Arctic Fisheries. Retrieved November 3, 2007 from http://www.marineconservationalliance.org/press/pr20070612.pdf.
People's Republic of China's National Development and Reform Commission. (2007, June). _China's National Climate Change Programme_. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File188.pdf.
Spain, Glen H. (2007). Global Climate Change and the Fishing Industry. \[Electronic Version\]. Fishermen's News of March. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.pcffa.org/fn-mar07.htm.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007, August 9). Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs Disappearing More Rapidly Than Expected. _ScienceDaily_. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2007/08/070808082051.htm

Works Cited

Bralower, T. J., Silva, I. P., Malone M.J (2002). New evidence for abrupt climate change in the Cretaceous and Paleogene: An Bralower, T. J., Silva, I. P., Malone M.J (2002). New evidence for abrupt climate change in the Cretaceous and Paleogene: An Ocean Drilling Program expedition to Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific. GSA Today.

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Gille, S. T. (2002) "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950's" Science 295. 1275-1277.

 
Harley, C. D. G., et all (2006). The Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Marine Systems. Ecology Letters, 9, 228-241.

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Mark, F. C., Bock, C., and Pörtner H. O. (2002) "Oxygen-limited thermal tolerance in Antarctic Fish investigated by MRI P-31 MRS" Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Ph ysiol 283. 1254-1262. 

Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). http://www.pcouncil.org/+

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The Pew Charitable Trust. Pew Oceans Commission. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work.aspx?category=130.