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    Another team of scientists studied how the depth of water and climate change related to fish populations. The science team examined 555 specimens ranging in age from two to 128 years, with birth years from 1861 to 1993. Growth rates of a coastal species, juvenile morwong, in the 1990s were 28.5 per cent faster than at the beginning of the period under assessment in the mid-1950s.  By comparison, juvenile oreos, a species found at depths of around 1,000 meters, were growing 27.9 per cent slower than in the 1860s. There was no or little change in the growth rates of species found between 500 and 1,000 meters. correlations for long-lived shallow and deep-water species suggest that water temperatures have been a primary factor in determining juvenile growth rates in the species examined - Banded morwong, redfish, Jackass Morwong, Spiky, black, smooth and Warty Oreo and Orange roughy. In the southwest Pacific east of Tasmania sea surface temperatures have risen nearly two degrees, based on the results of a monitoring program at Maria Island.  Coinciding with this has been a southward shift in South Pacific zonal winds, which has strengthened the warm, pole ward-flowing East Australian Current. (CSIRO, 2007).

North Pacific

Wiki MarkupRising temperature of climate change is already noticeable in the deep layers of the Japan Sea and the shrinking ice of the Sea of Okhotsk, while rising sea levels have been occurring along Sanriku coasts and the Pacific Ocean side for the past 100 years. Southern plankton never been seen as north as Japan now threatens oysters, shellfish and sardine, all of which are important to Japan's fishing industry. (Ichikawa, 104-105) The great change afflicted by even a few degrees rise in temperature is evident in the case of bluefin tuna. Able to spawn up to six degrees below its optimal temperature of 26 degrees Celsius, bluefin tuna, however, cannot spawn three degrees above that number. Based on the study and projection of Shingo Kimura, professor of marine environmental science at the University of Tokyo, tuna population, already hurt by overfishing, will be so exacerbated that populations will shrink to 37% its current levels by 2099. As Japan is the biggest supplies of bluefin tuna and given the internationality of the fishing industry, a decline in numbers hurt will also hurt China, South Korean, China, and the US. (Bluefin, 1) In a culture that is based on fishing, Japan faces not just the threat of environmental change but also of cultural change.
The increased carbon dioxide from combustion has in turn increased acidity of the ocean by 30%, drastically altering the chemistry of the ocean. In the North Pacific waters, which is the most in general more acidic than other waters because it is colder, older, and absorbs more carbon, coral reef are being tested at saturation points, when growth cannot overcome disintegration due to acidity. (Brenton, 1) In the Indo-Pacific waters, which hold 75% the world's coral reefs, researchers of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found in surveys found study decline, threatening tourism, that coastal regions that once found safety behind the buffering reefs, and fisheries. (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1)
As Royce Pollard of Vancouver, Washington said, "The fish gave us our first indication." (Joling, 1) The effect of climate change on fisheries in many cases is a warning sign of more adverse effects to follow. In the case of Alaska salmon run failures of 1997-1998, Chinook salmon catch were only 43,500, half than that of the catch the year before. Though for the next year, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game forecasted a catch of 24.8 million, only 12.1 million were caught. Also in 1997-1998, Alaska experienced a 2.0 degrees Celsius increase in surface temperature and a 1.5-2.0 degrees Celsius increase in deep ocean temperature. (Kruse , 61) Pacific white-dolphins, albacore, walleye Pollock, all southern species, were sighted in northern Gulf of Alaska. A sub-polar phytoplankton known as Coccolithophore blooms appeared suddenly, indicating high light intensity and low nutrients in the water. All these changes, which were already predicted in 1995 by ocean scientists who studied global warming on the Bering Sea, confirmed the need to understand more climate change in Alaska. (Kruse, 60)
As a result, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the Marine Conservation Alliance have closed US waters in the Arctic Ocean to fishing until enough research is present to understand climate change and until a management regime is put in place for climate change. (Marine Conservation Alliance, 1)

Works Cited

Adams, Chuck. (n.d.). An Overview of the Cuban Commercial Fishing Industry and Implications to the Florida Seafood Industry of Renewed Trade. 1)
Bluefin tuna face global warming threat. (2006, December 26). _Kyodo News._ Retrieved November 7, 2007, from http://ccchina.gov/ch/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=6691.
Bernton, Hal. (2007, April 25). Sea life at risk as acid levels rise in oceans. _Seattle_ _Times_. Retrieved November 9, 2007 from China Climate Change Info-Net online:edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE16200.PDF+
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL  Cai, W., Shi, G., Cowan, T., Bi, D., & Ribbe, J. (2005). The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L23706. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://www.ccchinaagu.govorg/pubs/cncrossref/en2005/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=7648
Ichikawa, Atsunobu. (Ed.). (2004). _Global Warming-The Research Challenges: A Report of Japan's Global Warming Initiative_. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Joling, Dan2005GL024701.shtml+
ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. (2007, January 2). Climate change strikes fish. Science Alert. URL http://www.sciencealert.com.au/climate-change-strikes-fish-6.html+
Barra helps Tas fish farms deal with climate change. (2007, SeptemberNovember 186). Mayors gather in Alaska to discuss their cities' response to global warming. _Associated Press_ABC News_. Retrieved on November 6, 2007 from  http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/06/2082671.htm+
Bernton, Hal. (2007, April 25). Sea life at risk as acid levels rise in oceans. _Seattle_ _Times_. Retrieved November 79, 2007, from China Climate Change Info-Net online: http://www.ccchina.gov/cn/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=5954.
Kruse, Gordon H7648
Biology of Orange Roughy. (19982002, April 17). SalmonRetrieved RunNovember Failures17, in 1997-1998: A Link to Anomalous Ocean Conditions? \[Electronic version\]. _Alaska_ _Fishery Research Bulletin_, Vol. 5 No. 1, 54-63.
Marine Conservation Alliance. (2007, June) International Agreement Needed to Protect Arctic Fisheries. Retrieved November 32007, from The Orange Roughy Management Co., Ltd: http://www.orangeroughynz.com/+
Bluefin tuna face global warming threat. (2006, December 26). _Kyodo News._ Retrieved November 7, 2007 from http://www.marineconservationalliance.org/press/pr20070612.pdf.
People's Republic of China's National Development and Reform Commission. (2007, June). _China's National Climate Change Programme_. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File188.pdf.
Spain, Glen H. (2007). Global Climate Change and the Fishing Industry. \[Electronic Version\]. Fishermen's News of March. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.pcffa.org/fn-mar07.htm.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007, August 9). Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs Disappearing More Rapidly Than Expected. _ScienceDaily_. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2007/08/070808082051.htm

Works Cited

Bralower, T. J., Silva, I. P., Malone M.J (2002). New evidence for abrupt climate change in the Cretaceous and Paleogene: An Ocean Drilling Program expedition to Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific. GSA Today.

Collins, M., (2005),. El Nino- or La Nina-like climate change? Climate Dynamics, 24, 89-104.

Gagosian, R. B. (2003), Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried? Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455&tid=282&cid=9986.+

Gille, S. T. (2002) "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950's" Science 295. 1275-1277.

Harley, C. D. G., et all (2006). The Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Marine Systems. Ecology Letters, 9, 228-241.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). Climate Change 2001: IPCC Third Assessment Report.

Hernandez-Miranda, E., Ojeda, F. P. (2006). Inter-annual variability in somatic growth rates and mortality of coastal fishes off central Chile: an ENSO driven process? Marine Biology, 149, 925-936.

Mark, F. C., Bock, C., and Pörtner H. O. (2002) "Oxygen-limited thermal tolerance in Antarctic Fish investigated by MRI P-31 MRS" Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Ph ysiol 283. 1254-1262.

Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). http://www.pcouncil.org/+

Peterson, B., et all (2006). The state of the California current, 2005-2006: Warm in the North, cool in the South. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, 47, 30-74.

Working Paper: Proposal for Marine Conservation by the Pronaturaleza Foundation: Mancora Bank, Tumbes/Piura, Peru (2004)

Zhang, Q., Yang, H., Zhong, Y., et all (2005). An idealized study of the impact of extratropical climate change on El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 25, 869-880.

Biology of Orange Roughy. (2002, April 17). Retrieved November 17, 2007, from The Orange Roughy Management Co., Ltd: http://www.orangeroughynz.com/+

Chisholm, F., Falkowsi, P., & Cullen, J. (2002). Is Ocean Fertilization Credible and Creditable? . Science's Compass , 467-469.

Haysa, G. C., Richardsonb, A. J., & Robinson, C. (2005). Climate Change and Marine Plankton. ScienceDirect , 337-344.

Jones, I. S., & Young, H. E. (1997). Engineering a large sustainable world fishery. Cambridge Journals: Environmental Conservation , 99-104.

Orange Roughy: delicacy from the deep. (2003, May 28). Retrieved November 16, 2007, from Starfish: Student and Teacher Resource: http://www.starfish.govt.nz/+

Phytoplankton imaging and monitoring data from the Flow Cytometer And Microscope (FlowCAM). (2007, November). Retrieved November 17, 2007, from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/+

UNEP. (2006). Ecosystem and Biodiversity in Deep Sea Waters and High Seas. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 178 .

 ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL  Cai, W., Shi, G., Cowan, T., Bi, D., & Ribbe, J. (2005). The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L23706. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2005GL024701.shtml+

Garcia, Serge M. and Moreno, Ignatio De Leiva. "Global Overview of Marine Fisheries".Web extension to Fisheries Watch. \[WWW Document\] URL [http://www.fisherieswatch.org/docs/237.pdf]. (visited 2007, November 9)\+

"Western Indian Ocean". (2007, November) Web extension to Wildlife Conservation Society. \[WWW Document\] URL [http://www.wcs.org/sw-home] (visited 2007, November 6)\+

Wilkinson, Clive. (2000, May 24) "Status of Coral Reefs of the World". Web extension to Australian Institute of Marine Sciences. \[WWW Document\] URL [http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/scr1998/scr-004.html] (visited 2007, November 9)\+

Hannon, Ewin. (2007, July 9). Climate to put heat on fish stocks. The Austalian. URL
    http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,22040318-30417,00.html+

(2007, November 6). Barra helps Tas fish farms deal with climate change. ABC News. URL
   http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/06/2082671.htm+

ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. (2007, January 2). Climate change strikes fish. Science Alert. URL http://www.sciencealert.com.au/climate-change-strikes-fish-6.html+

Adams, Chuck. (n.d.). An Overview of the Cuban Commercial Fishing Industry and Implications to the Florida Seafood Industry of Renewed Trade. Retrieved November 7, 2007, from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE16200.PDF+

Fisheries and aquaculture. (n.d.). In US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change Climate Change and its Consequences on the Gulf Coast Region of the US:  Gulf Coast Regional Workshop Report (Chap. 5).  Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/gulfcoastworkshop.htm+

Gagosian, Robert B. (January 27, 2003). Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried? Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455&tid=282&cid=9986+

NOAA fisheries service. (September 25, 2007). Fishery Quotas. Retrieved November 7, 2007, from http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/quotas/quotas.htm+

CSIRO Australia (2007, May 1). Fish Growth Changes Enhanced By Climate Change. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2007/04/070427120433.htm+
Wells, B. K., Grimes, C. B., Waldvogel, J. B., (2007). Quantifying the effects of wind, upwelling, curl, sea surface temperature and sea level height on growth and maturation of a California Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population. Fisheries Oceanography, 16 (4), 363--382.

ccchina.gov/ch/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=6691.
Bralower, T. J., Silva, I. P., Malone M.J (2002). New evidence for abrupt climate change in the Cretaceous and Paleogene: An Ocean Drilling Program expedition to Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific. GSA Today.
Chisholm, F., Falkowsi, P., & Cullen, J. (2002). Is Ocean Fertilization Credible and Creditable? . Science's Compass , 467-469.
Collins, M., (2005),. El Nino\- or La Nina-like climate change? Climate Dynamics, 24, 89-104.
CSIRO Australia (2007, May 1). Fish Growth Changes Enhanced By Climate Change. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2007/04/070427120433.htm\+
Wells, B. K., Grimes, C. B., Waldvogel, J. B., (2007). Quantifying the effects of wind, upwelling, curl, sea surface temperature and sea level height on growth and maturation of a California Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population. Fisheries Oceanography, 16 (4), 363--382.
Fisheries and aquaculture. (n.d.). In US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change Climate Change and its Consequences on the Gulf Coast Region of the US:  Gulf Coast Regional Workshop Report (Chap. 5).  Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/gulfcoastworkshop.htm+
Gagosian, R. B. (2003), Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried? Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455&tid=282&cid=9986.+
Gagosian, Robert B. (January 27, 2003). Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried? Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455&tid=282&cid=9986+
Garcia, Serge M. and Moreno, Ignatio De Leiva. "Global Overview of Marine Fisheries".Web extension to Fisheries Watch. \[WWW Document\] URL http://www.fisherieswatch.org/docs/237.pdf. (visited 2007, November 9)\+
Gille, S. T. (2002) "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950's" _Science 295_. 1275-1277.
Hannon, Ewin. (2007, July 9). Climate to put heat on fish stocks. The Austalian. URL
    http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,22040318-30417,00.html+
Harley, C. D. G., et all (2006). The Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Marine Systems. Ecology Letters, 9, 228-241.
Haysa, G. C., Richardsonb, A. J., & Robinson, C. (2005). Climate Change and Marine Plankton. ScienceDirect , 337-344.
Hernandez-Miranda, E., Ojeda, F. P. (2006). Inter-annual variability in somatic growth rates and mortality of coastal fishes off central Chile: an ENSO driven process? Marine Biology, 149, 925-936.
Ichikawa, Atsunobu. (Ed.). (2004). _Global Warming-The Research Challenges: A Report of Japan's Global Warming Initiative_. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). Climate Change 2001: IPCC Third Assessment Report.
Joling, Dan. (2007, September 18) Mayors gather in Alaska to discuss their cities' response to global warming. _Associated Press_. Retrieved November 7, 2007, from http://www.ccchina.gov/cn/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=5954.
Jones, I. S., & Young, H. E. (1997). Engineering a large sustainable world fishery. Cambridge Journals: Environmental Conservation , 99-104.
Kruse, Gordon H. (1998). Salmon Run Failures in 1997-1998: A Link to Anomalous Ocean Conditions? \[Electronic version\]. _Alaska_ _Fishery Research Bulletin_, Vol. 5 No. 1, 54-63.
Marine Conservation Alliance. (2007, June) International Agreement Needed to Protect Arctic Fisheries. Retrieved November 3, 2007 from http://www.marineconservationalliance.org/press/pr20070612.pdf.
Mark, F. C., Bock, C., and Pörtner H. O. (2002) "Oxygen-limited thermal tolerance in Antarctic Fish investigated by MRI P-31 MRS" _Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Ph ysiol 283._ 1254-1262.
NOAA fisheries service. (September 25, 2007). Fishery Quotas. Retrieved November 7, 2007, from http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/quotas/quotas.htm+
Orange Roughy: delicacy from the deep. (2003, May 28). Retrieved November 16, 2007, from Starfish: Student and Teacher Resource: http://www.starfish.govt.nz/+
Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). http://www.pcouncil.org/+
The Pew Charitable Trust. Pew Oceans Commission. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work.aspx?category=130.
Peterson, B., et all (2006). The state of the California current, 2005-2006: Warm in the North, cool in the South. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, 47, 30-74.
Phytoplankton imaging and monitoring data from the Flow Cytometer And Microscope (FlowCAM). (2007, November). Retrieved November 17, 2007, from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/+
Spain, Glen H. (2007). Global Climate Change and the Fishing Industry. \[Electronic Version\]. Fishermen's News of March. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.pcffa.org/fn-mar07.htm.
UNEP. (2006). Ecosystem and Biodiversity in Deep Sea Waters and High Seas. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 178 .
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007, August 9). Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs Disappearing More Rapidly Than Expected. _ScienceDaily_. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070808082051.htm
Western Indian Ocean. (2007, November) _Web extension to Wildlife Conservation Society._ Retrieved on November 6, 2007 from http://www.wcs.org/sw-home.
Wilkinson, Clive. (2000, May 24) "Status of Coral Reefs of the World". Web extension to Australian Institute of Marine Sciences. \[WWW Document\] URL http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/scr1998/scr-004.html (visited 2007, November 9)\+
Working Paper: Proposal for Marine Conservation by the Pronaturaleza Foundation: Mancora Bank, Tumbes/Piura, Peru (2004)
Zhang, Q., Yang, H., Zhong, Y., et all (2005). An idealized study of the impact of extratropical climate change on El Nino--880

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