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The United States has strongly established fisheries and environmental regulations (Magnuson-Stevenson Act 1976) and also has national legislation that also addresses the creation of MPAs (National Marine Sanctuaries Act 1972).
Problems:
1.) Existing Marine Sanctuaries do not have sufficient management authority under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act.
As it currently stands, the management bodies of Marine Sanctuaries only have very limited authority to regulate fishing and boating within the borders of the sanctuary (Stellwagen Bank NMS 2007). Currently, restrictions on fishing are the responsibility by the National Marine Fisheries Services and regional fisheries councils. While such organizations have increased restrictions in response to sanctuary designations, these measures are not sufficient.
2.) Cultural Issues and the conflict of Environment and Development
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Additionally, other stakeholders, such as minerals interested have historically opposed the establishment of MPAs. For example, the establishment of the Flower Garden Banks NMS was delayed by almost a decade and a half by concerted oil industry lobbying against the sanctuary (Flower Garden Banks, 2007).
23.) Setting National Priorities
Given current affairs, environmental protection and science are not among top national priorities for either the government or the populace. This limits the funding available for scientific activities, and that available for the establishment of new MPAs.
34.) Public Awareness
In general, the American public does not have high ocean literacy, a strong awareness of ocean related issues, or high general environmental awareness. Suck a lack of knowledge and awareness interferes with any attempts at environmental protection, regardless of type.
45.) International Relations
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