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As it currently stands, the management bodies of Marine Sanctuaries only have very limited authority to regulate fishing and boating within the borders of the sanctuary (Stellwagen Bank NMS 2007). Currently, restrictions on fishing are the responsibility by the National Marine Fisheries Services and regional fisheries councils. While such organizations have increased placed restrictions in response to sanctuary designations, these measures are not sufficientdo not generally include the no-take, no-disturbance areas we feel are required (National Academy of Public Administration 2000).
2.) Cultural Issues and the conflict of Environment and Development
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Note that the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were established by executive order of the president. This example hints at a far more efficient means of establishing Marine Sanctuaries.
2.) Expand Strengthen and expand the National Marine Sanctuaries system through explicit legislation and direct funding.
Currently, MPAs in the United States account for about 3.6% of its total exclusive economic zone. This is a very good beginning and the coverage significantly above the global average. However, it is important to note that these coverage figures do not contain a significant proportion of No-Take Reserves. Also, in general, Management authorities of Marine Sanctuaries do not currently possess the direct authority to regulate fishing, shipping, and other human activities. Such authority should be granted under a strengthened Marine Sanctuaries Act or other legislation
The United States needs to continue its efforts to expand the Marine Sanctuaries system with a special emphasis on the increase of the use of no-take zones in its management strategy. The goal of covering at least 10% of its jurisdiction . This can be achieved through a legislative mandate that explicitly sets this goal for the nation and provides the necessary funding to achieve this goalshould be explicitly mandated in new, strengthened legislation or through executive order.
3.) Improve the layout of new and existing Marine Sanctuaries.
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