Examples
United States of America
Background:
- A large developed country with a long coastline.
- The United States has the largest exclusive economic zone of an country in the world, at around 4.4 million square miles (11 million square kilometers) (Thurman & Trujillo 2002).
- High fish demand, generally not for subsistence.
- GDP: $13.13 trillion USD (2006 est)
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The United States has strongly established fisheries and environmental regulations (Magnuson-Stevenson Act 1976) and also has national legislation that also addresses the creation of MPAs (National Marine Sanctuaries Act 1972).
Problems:
1.) Existing Marine Sanctuaries do not have sufficient management authority under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act.
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Recent American foreign policy has had the unfortunate effect of alienating and reducing America's global influence. This has made the implementation of ideas perceived to come from American sources at times difficult or impossible. The joint issues of the oceans and Marine Protected Areas are so global that a multilateral approach is almost certainly required, especially for management in waters outside the jurisdictional control of states.
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Recommendations:
1.) Streamline the process for establishing new Marine Protected Areas
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China's state-level distribution of marine nature reserve is extremely uneven; concentrated distribution is a very prominent phenomenon: There are seven national level marine reserves in the northeast side of the Bohai Strait; eight in the southwest of the Beibu Bay and Hainan Island; but only nine along the long coastline from Shandong to Guangdong.
Suggestions:
Based partially on a report from China's Oceanic Administration Institute of Marine Development Strategy---an official department doing research and supplying suggestions and strategies to the government
1.) Adjustment of management system of marine reserves
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