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As it currently stands, the management authorities of the Marine Sanctuaries only have very limited ability to regulate fishing and boating within the borders of the sanctuary (Stellwagen Bank NMS 2007). Currently, restrictions on fishing are the responsibility by the National Marine Fisheries Services and regional fisheries councils. While such organizations have placed restrictions in response to sanctuary designations, these measures do not generally include the no-take, no-disturbance areas that are required under our proposal (National Academy of Public Administration 2000).
2.) Cultural Issues and Development interfere with Environmental Actions.the conflict between Development and Conservation
Fishing and other maritime activities have been a longstanding and time-honored part of American culture. Any measure that would increase fishing restrictions would likely face significant, short-term public opposition, especially among fishermen.
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China has an established legal management system for the protection of its marine resources. The stated general principle is "conservation first, then appropriate exploitation and sustainable development" (Xue 2005).
Problems:
1.) The inefficiency of the management system constrains protection.
The system is divided into national, provincial and municipal levels, and above each ateach level there is a very complex bureaucracy. Various departments agencies have their own management structure and funding sources. Each department agency is only actively developing part of the department's protected areas, which leads to competition between departmentsagencies, redundant construction, fragmentation, and overall inefficiency. Whether at the national level or in the provincial and municipal levels, it is extremely difficult to achieve the unity of in the construction planning and implementation of protected areas planning.
2.) The contradictions between Protection and Development
As a rapidly developing country with a large fish demand, the contradiction is notable. Unlike inland nature reserves, marine reserves are divided into different areas for protection and exploitation. This is an apparent conflict of interest to have areas under protection used for both protection and exploitation.
3.) Most protected areas do not have adequate funding, so protection and management is difficult to implement.
The central government only supports national level reserves. Funding for other reserves comes from local government. Because of this, some of the underdeveloped regions of China are not capable of operating effective management. Most Many of the funds are only for basic facilitatesprotected areas have basic facilities, but rarely are there any for scientific research or education. Independent Hence, independent scientific research in these areas is very extremely limited. Due to the lack of operational funds, the hard difficult conditions, and the high cost of management, the effectiveness of the management of marine reserves protected areas is therefore greatly reduced.
4.) The overall distribution and layout of marine reserves stays to must be improved
China's state-level distribution of marine nature reserve is extremely uneven; concentrated distribution is a very prominent phenomenon: There . For example, there are seven national level marine reserves in the northeast side of the Bohai Strait ; and eight in the southwest of the Beibu Bay and Hainan Island; but only however, there are nine along the long entire coastline from Shandong to Guangdong.
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