...
With
...
the
...
onset
...
of
...
the
...
many
...
new
...
rules
...
and
...
regulations
...
we
...
propose,
...
the
...
livelihood
...
of
...
fishermen
...
and
...
members
...
of
...
fishing
...
communities
...
is
...
undoubtedly
...
at
...
stake.
...
Implementing
...
quotas
...
or
...
marine
...
protected
...
areas
...
may
...
restrict
...
fishermen's
...
freedom
...
to
...
fish
...
and
...
eliminating
...
subsidies
...
or
...
restricting
...
technology
...
may
...
increase
...
the
...
costs.
...
It
...
should
...
be
...
noted,
...
however,
...
that
...
the
...
regulations
...
Mission
...
2011
...
proposes
...
are
...
not
...
aimed
...
at
...
destroying
...
the
...
fishing
...
industry-
...
-
...
because
...
we,
...
too,
...
realize
...
the
...
importance
...
of
...
fish
...
in
...
our
...
lives
...
and
...
many
...
of
...
us
...
are
...
not
...
necessarily
...
willing
...
to
...
revert
...
to
...
a
...
fish-free
...
diet
...
ourselves
...
--but
...
rather
...
to
...
transition
...
from
...
depleting
...
fish
...
stocks
...
to
...
sustaining
...
them
...
in
...
order
...
to
...
secure
...
the
...
supply
...
of
...
fish
...
and
...
success
...
of
...
the
...
fishing
...
industry
...
in
...
years
...
to
...
come.
...
That
...
said,
...
change
...
is
...
inevitable,
...
and
...
there
...
is
...
no
...
solution
...
to
...
the
...
global
...
fisheries
...
problem
...
that
...
does
...
not
...
involve
...
reducing
...
the
...
number
...
of
...
fish
...
that
...
is
...
caught,
...
and,
...
in
...
turn,
...
reducing
...
the
...
number
...
of
...
people
...
who
...
make
...
a
...
living
...
through
...
the
...
fishing
...
industry.
...
Just
...
as
...
workers
...
in
...
the
...
auto
...
industry
...
have
...
been
...
displaced
...
by
...
machines,
...
the
...
abacus
...
upgraded
...
to
...
the
...
calculator,
...
and
...
lead
...
in
...
gasoline
...
was
...
phased
...
out
...
in
...
order
...
to
...
accommodate
...
catalytic
...
converters
...
(Lovei,
...
1998),
...
some
...
fishermen
...
will
...
need
...
to
...
leave
...
the
...
industry
...
and
...
seek
...
a
...
new
...
occupation
...
in
...
the
...
long
...
run.
...
Even
...
without
...
the
...
regulations
...
we
...
are
...
suggesting,
...
fishing
...
can
...
never
...
be
...
as
...
profitable
...
as
...
it
...
was
...
in
...
the
...
past
...
due
...
to
...
declining
...
fish
...
stocks.
...
Communities
...
centered
...
around
...
fishing
...
need
...
to
...
adapt
...
to
...
a
...
system
...
that
...
limits
...
fishing,
...
or
...
risk
...
a
...
sudden,
...
irreparable
...
economic
...
downturn
...
that
...
will
...
result
...
if
...
the
...
fish
...
population
...
collapses.
...
It should also be noted,
...
that
...
if
...
our
...
plans
...
are
...
carried
...
out
...
and
...
successfully
...
achieve
...
our
...
goals,
...
then
...
the
...
fishing
...
industry
...
will
...
ultimately
...
benefit
...
from
...
these
...
restrictions.
...
In
...
the
...
initial
...
stages
...
fisherman
...
will
...
undoubtedly
...
be
...
hurt
...
by
...
many
...
of
...
the
...
restrictions,
...
however,
...
as
...
populations
...
return
...
to
...
and
...
are
...
sustained
...
at
...
more
...
natural
...
levels,
...
there
...
will
...
be
...
more
...
fish
...
that
...
can
...
be
...
harvested
...
without
...
the
...
fishery
...
threatening
...
to
...
collapse.
...
On
...
the
...
other
...
hand,
...
if
...
fishing
...
continues
...
as
...
it
...
is
...
being
...
done
...
now,
...
populations
...
will
...
go
...
virtually
...
extinct
...
and
...
entire
...
fisheries
...
will
...
be
...
lost
...
(Munro,
...
2006).
...
The
...
plans
...
in
...
this
...
section
...
address
...
the
...
struggling
...
fishermen
...
who
...
descend
...
from
...
a
...
line
...
of
...
fishermen,
...
the
...
vessel
...
operators
...
and
...
meat
...
processors,
...
cities
...
and
...
towns
...
that
...
rely
...
heavily
...
on
...
profits
...
from
...
fishing,
...
the
...
islands
...
that
...
have
...
few
...
alternatives,
...
and
...
entire
...
nations
...
whose
...
cultures
...
are
...
heavily
...
integrated
...
with
...
the
...
fishing
...
industry.
...
Lovei,
...
Magda.
...
(1998).
...
The
...
World
...
Bank
...
technical
...
paper
...
No.
...
397
...
Phasing
...
out
...
lead
...
from
...
gasoline
...
(Electronic
...
version
...
).
...
Washington,
...
D.C:
...
The
...
World
...
Bank.
...
Munro,
...
Margaret.
...
(2006).
...
2050
...
the
...
year
...
of
...
no
...
more
...
fish,
...
scientists
...
warn.
...
CanWest
...
News
...
Service
...
.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
23,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=3b78aea6-3ce6-4e2b-a840-5d610d944f74&k=50888
...
Fishermen:
...
Livelihood
...
The
...
four
...
options
...
for
...
fishermen:
...
- Job
...
- retraining
...
- for
...
- a
...
- new
...
- career
...
- Research
- Transition to sustainable fishing
- Unemployment
Photo courtesy of Jose Cabal-Ugaz
Alternative Employment
Mission has compiled several options to provide fishermen, who will be (or already are) displaced by our proposed solution, with employment opportunities in their field of expertise: the sea.
- tagging fish
- collecting data for the "More Research Page"
- hiring them as onboard observers
In sections 201 and 403 of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, the United States has specified provisions which state that craft must have onboard observers for fishing expeditions within the EEZ. These observers are federal employees, with formal training in "collecting and analyzing the information necessary for the conservation and management," "science and statistical analysis," and "basic vessel safety" (P.L. 94-265, 2007).
The EU also suggests onboard observers, but currently these observers are not always mandatory and are paid by the fishermen themselves and not by the government, creating a sort of conflict of interest. We propose creating programs, in states most effected by this unemployment issue (not on an international scale, however, because not all countries will be affected equally by the fallout of fishery unemployment), that mandate onboard observers for the remaining fishing vessels. This program should be run through the national government so that no conflict of interest arises. In a report on the ACP-EU fisheries, the CTA and Commonwealth Secretariat suggested a perfect model for the program: "On board observer programmes should be compulsory (ensuring that no possibilities exist for circumvention). Observers should be paid through a public fund (to which EU ship owners should contribute); and not directly by the boat owner. Observers should be qualified to the same level of competence ("brevet"), ensuring the same level/quality of observership for all FPAs" (Gorez, 2003).
Transitional Subsidies
Part of our solution calls for encouraging the transition to sustainable fisheries. In this case, select fishermen who choose to pursue more environmentally healthy fishing technique and abide by the proposed Agreement could qualify for government subsidies.
Currently, the U.S. Magnuson Stevens Act allocates funds to fisheries committed to changing their practices. When fisheries in a given locale fail to improve, those funds are reallocated to others that are improving. Similar programs like this encourage fishermen to abide by the laws of the sea (P.L. 94-265, 2007).
Elimination of Days at Sea
Many areas have implemented a Days at Sea program to restrict the number of days a year fishermen are allowed to take out their boats. Proponents reason that reducing the time fishermen spend fishing, and thus the number of fish that are caught, will slow the depletion of fish stocks. This has dealt a severe blow to the industry, however, and left many fishermen frustrated and out of work. In Massachusetts, the Days at Sea program has cost the fishing industry $22 million. In response, Senators John Kerry and Edward Kennedy have pushed for a bill that will allot $15 million in aid for fishermen (Maguire, 2007). Earlier this year, the New England Fishery Management Council ruled to continue the Days-at-Sea program, because a better management alternative was not proposed in time.
The ineffectiveness and disadvantages of using Days at Sea as a regulation method for fisheries can been seen by the reaction the Scottish people exhibited when in December of 2006, the December Council of Ministers reduced between 7 and 10% the number of days at sea for vessels targeting whitefish and prawns in Scotland. Indeed, this action disproportionately affected the prawn sector because of the smaller mesh size. Since 2000, the Scottish whitefish fleet had been cut by 65%, but the implementation of the current Days at Sea policy angered fishermen even more. As Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), and Member of Parliament for Buchan said, "The one glimmer on the horizon is that next year Scotland has the opportunity to elect the first pro-fishing government in Scottish history" (The Buchan Observer, 2006). This only further illustrates the lack of success Days at Sea has had in the social atmosphere and the dislike it generates towards fishing policies in general .
We propose that the Days at Sea program be terminated and the fishery management rely strictly on the solutions detailed in this report.
Island Nations and Implications
By advocating the reduction of the consumption of fish in the standard diet, one of the most immediate effects would be felt by island states around the world. Many small island nations depend almost exclusive on fish for food - but more importantly, as a source of protein (World Food Summit, 1996). Therefore, measures should be taken to support the transition of these island states from relying entirely on fish for protein and energy to other sources of food.
One of the most immediate transitions would be from fish-based food production to more agriculturally-based food production.
Island nations have generally been weak in the terms of traditional agriculture due to several issues: rampant urbanization, flourishing tourism, and paucity of large-scale arable land. However, island states have proven to be successful at the cultivation of tropical fruits, tuber/root crops, nuts and spices, vegetables, and cut flowers. Moreover, organic farming may be introduced to these small island states, and organic produce may potentially provide investment and revenue value for these nations. The FAO should offer assistance to sustain growth in these areas of development (Special Ministerial Conference, 1999).
When the FAO offers assistance to these island nations, the revenue generated from the sale of these locally produced agricultural products may be used to purchase or exchange agricultural products with other nations (protein alternatives such as soybeans), reducing the demands of these island nations for a constant supply of fish to satisfy protein and energy needs. Furthermore, this exchange of food resources may also increase the diversity of the local diet, increasing the nutritional benefits of the local population.
In addition, since many of these island nations depend on tourism for the generation of revenue, these island nations inevitably would have to import food to feed their tourists. For example, Caribbean island nations imported $2.3 billion of food products annually to feed their tourists, while generating a negative trade deficit of $0.45 billion (FAO, 2000). Therefore, the tourism sector should pick out more of the bill, perhaps moving the costs over to the tourists. In essence, these island nations are generating debt in return for tourism, and tourism is not helping the nation (even driving the nation deeper into the food problem). Thus, tourism should be used to increase the welfare of these island states and generate mutual benefits, rather than polarizing the economic circumstances of these island nations. With aid from the tourism industry and the FAO in promoting local agricultural projects, small island nations may be able to reduce dependence on fish as a source of protein.
World Food Summit. (1996). FAO Corporate Document Depository. Rome. Retrieved November 23, 2007 from http://193.43.36.103/DOCREP/x0262e/x0262e09.htm
...
Japan:
...
A
...
Special
...
Case
...
Japan
...
is
...
an
...
especially
...
tough
...
country
...
in
...
which
...
to
...
implement
...
our
...
solutions
...
for
...
the
...
following
...
reasons:
...
- The
...
- Japanese
...
- have
...
- a
...
- culture
...
- deeply
...
- rooted
...
- in
...
- fish
...
- consumption,
...
- with
...
- a
...
- seafood
...
- per
...
- capita
...
- of
...
- 70
...
- kg
...
- per
...
- year
...
- (Kakuchi,
...
- 2003)
...
- and
...
- several
...
- fishing
...
- villages'
...
- traditional
...
- customs
...
- surround
...
- whaling
...
- and
...
- fish
...
- consumption
...
- (CNN,
...
- 2007).
...
- The
...
- average
...
- resident
...
- of
...
- Japan
...
- eats
...
- about
...
- 70kg
...
- of
...
- fish
...
- per
...
- year,
...
- which
...
- is
...
- 190g
...
- per
...
- day
...
- (FAO,
...
- 2007).
...
- Japan,
...
- with
...
- a
...
- small
...
- land
...
- area,
...
- has
...
- already
...
- maximized
...
- terrestrial
...
- food
...
- production,
...
- including
...
- a
...
- widespread
...
- aquaculture
...
- program
...
- totaling
...
- 1.5
...
- million
...
- tons
...
- of
...
- biomass
...
- per
...
- year,
...
- or
...
- 30%
...
- of
...
- their
...
- total
...
- ingested biomass ("Japan
...
- -
...
- Fishing",
...
- 2007).
...
- Japan
...
- is
...
- extremely
...
- resistant
...
- to
...
- international
...
- methods
...
- to
...
- reduce
...
- fishing.
...
- Very
...
- recently,
...
- Japan
...
- announced
...
- its
...
- intention
...
- flout
...
- the
...
- International
...
- Whaling
...
- Commission
...
- (IWC)
...
- ban
...
- on
...
- whaling
...
- and
...
- target
...
- the
...
- killing
...
- of
...
- 1000
...
- +
...
- whales
...
- ("Japan
...
- defends
...
- whaling
...
- 'tradition',"
...
- 2007)
...
- .
...
- It
...
- also
...
- is
...
- reported
...
- to
...
- physically
...
- deter
...
- attempts
...
- by
...
- ecological
...
- organizations
...
- to
...
- intervene
...
- with
...
- its methods ("Japan's
...
- Whaling
...
- Fleet
...
- Sails
...
- Despite
...
- International
...
- Censure,"
...
- 2007).
...
In
...
order
...
to
...
reach
...
Japan,
...
we
...
intend
...
to
...
employ
...
positive
...
aspects
...
of
...
Japan,
...
notably:
...
- Japan
...
- is
...
- able
...
- to
...
- conscientiously
...
- and
...
- unilaterally
...
- proceed
...
- towards
...
- a
...
- national
...
- goal
...
- as
...
- exemplified
...
- by
...
- its
...
- quick modernization (The
...
- Modernization
...
- of
...
- Japan,
...
- 1905).
...
- Japan
...
- does
...
- not
...
- appear
...
- to
...
- be
...
- disregarding
...
- the
...
- value
...
- of
...
- maintaining
...
- its
...
- fisheries;
...
- it
...
- appears
...
- to
...
- be
...
- forming
...
- an
...
- independent
...
- opinion
...
- as
...
- to
...
- the
...
- state
...
- of
...
- its
...
- fisheries
...
- and
...
- disregarding
...
- all
...
- other
...
- estimates,
...
- especially
...
- in
...
- the
...
- case
...
- of
...
- the
...
- whaling
...
- ban.
...
- When
...
- the
...
- IWC
...
- imposed
...
- its
...
- ban
...
- on
...
- whaling,
...
- Japan
...
- initially
...
- disagreed;
...
- however,
...
- after
...
- further
...
- research,
...
- they
...
- decided
...
- to
...
- agree.
...
- Currently,
...
- they
...
- believe
...
- that
...
- whale
...
- species
...
- have
...
- returned
...
- to
...
- sustainable
...
- levels,
...
- and
...
- disregard
...
- the
...
- IWC
...
- as
...
- being
...
- being
...
- too
...
- environmentally
...
- zealous
...
- ("Japan's
...
- Whaling
...
- Fleet
...
- Sails
...
- Despite
...
- International
...
- Censure,"
...
- 2007).
...
Therefore,
...
we
...
propose
...
collaboration
...
and
...
mutual
...
research
...
between
...
the
...
UN
...
and
...
Japan
...
to
...
maintain
...
Japan's
...
fisheries;
...
we
...
hope
...
to
...
reach
...
a
...
commonly
...
acceptable
...
level
...
of
...
sustainable
...
fishing
...
not
...
contradicting
...
international
...
levels.
...
This
...
research
...
should
...
be
...
done
...
as
...
objectively
...
as
...
possible,
...
and
...
on
...
a
...
UN-regulated
...
regular
...
basis
...
in
...
order
...
to
...
expedite
...
a
...
common
...
solution.
...
Cultural Implications
Any solution to overfishing must take into account the cultural implications that it will have to those cultures focused around fish. Perhaps more important however, is the fact that certain cultures are fueling the problem of overfishing.
The example of green sea urchin harvesting off East Petpeswick,Nova Scotia is very pertinent. The green sea urchins were considered "trash fish" by the Canadian and U.S.fishermen,
...
and
...
thus
...
were
...
allowed
...
to
...
live
...
above
...
sustainable
...
fishing
...
levels.
...
However,
...
the
...
realization
...
that
...
urchin
...
roe
...
was
...
a
...
valuable
...
Japanese
...
delicacy
...
instigated
...
a
...
frenzied
...
race
...
for
...
urchins.
...
Indeed,
...
in
...
the
...
early
...
1990's,
...
it
...
became
...
apparent
...
that
...
urchin
...
would
...
begin
...
to
...
be
...
overfished
...
as
...
well,
...
because
...
once
...
a
...
few
...
divers
...
found
...
a
...
good
...
spot,
...
many
...
other
...
fishermen
...
would
...
show
...
up
...
almost
...
immediately.
...
Thus,
...
a
...
key
...
aspect
...
in
...
solving
...
overfishing
...
is
...
stopping
...
the
...
fuel
...
that
...
culture
...
is
...
providing
...
for
...
overfishing,
...
and
...
a
...
vital
...
component
...
to
...
this
...
is
...
using
...
education.
...
Indeed,
...
we
...
can
...
look
...
to
...
Scotlandfor
...
an
...
example
...
to
...
make
...
delicacies
...
more
...
prestigious.
...
The Scottish White Fish Producers'
...
Assocation
...
is
...
looking
...
into
...
applying
...
for
...
Marine
...
Stewardship
...
Council
...
(MSC)
...
accreditation,
...
"a
...
prestigious
...
international
...
charter
...
mark,"
...
for
...
haddock
...
and
...
langoustines.
...
As
...
EU
...
Environment
...
secretary
...
Richard
...
Lochhead
...
said,
...
"The
...
MSC
...
standard
...
means
...
consumers
...
can
...
buy
...
fish
...
with
...
confidence
...
-
...
knowing
...
that
...
these
...
stocks
...
are
...
being
...
fished
...
sustainably."
...
(The
...
Herald,
...
2007)
...
Although
...
critiques
...
point
...
to
...
small
...
countries
...
dependant
...
on
...
fishing
...
as
...
a
...
con
...
to
...
any
...
regulation
...
placed
...
on
...
fishing,
...
we
...
can
...
look
...
to
...
the
...
example
...
of
...
the
...
Maldivesto
...
see
...
that
...
once
...
countries
...
and
...
cultures
...
realize
...
the
...
dire
...
condition
...
their
...
fish
...
stock
...
is
...
in,
...
they
...
will
...
take
...
action.
...
They
...
know
...
that
...
lack
...
of
...
action
...
would
...
be
...
a
...
devastating
...
blow
...
to
...
their
...
country
...
and
...
certain
...
cultural
...
practices
...
in
...
the
...
future.
...
The
...
Maldives
...
is
...
an
...
archipelago
...
of
...
nearly
...
1200
...
coral
...
islands
...
where
...
fisheries
...
account
...
for
...
11%
...
of
...
the
...
GDP,
...
20%
...
of
...
employment,
...
and
...
74%
...
of
...
the
...
country's
...
export
...
commodities.
...
The
...
country's
...
dependence
...
on
...
fisheries
...
have
...
led
...
it
...
to
...
develop
...
sustainable
...
fisheries
...
for
...
various
...
species
...
including
...
the
...
giant
...
clam.
...
However,
...
the
...
government
...
was
...
quick
...
to
...
respond
...
to
...
potential
...
overexploitation
...
of
...
the
...
giant
...
clam,
...
by
...
banning
...
its
...
export,
...
though
...
this
...
would
...
definitely
...
decrease
...
some
...
profits
...
for
...
the
...
people
...
of
...
the
...
Maldives.
...
(FAO,
...
1998)
...
Indeed,
...
it
...
is
...
essential
...
for
...
us
...
to
...
show
...
countries
...
and
...
cultures
...
that
...
rely
...
on
...
fish,
...
the
...
state
...
the
...
global
...
fishery
...
is
...
in,
...
a
...
task
...
which
...
the
...
educational
...
component
...
of
...
our
...
solution
...
hopes
...
to
...
achieve.
...
If
...
we
...
can
...
have
...
the
...
management
...
of
...
these
...
countries
...
and
...
cultures
...
take
...
the
...
initiative
...
first,
...
we
...
will
...
be
...
more
...
likely
...
in
...
having
...
the
...
people
...
be
...
responsive
...
and
...
supportive
...
of
...
our
...
solution.
...
For
...
countries
...
which
...
depend
...
mostly
...
on
...
their
...
fishing
...
industry,
...
mission
...
has
...
suggested
...
that
...
the
...
industries
...
of
...
the
...
country
...
be
...
reworked
...
while
...
they
...
still
...
continue
...
to
...
utilize
...
the
...
vast
...
coastal
...
areas
...
and
...
water
...
they
...
have.
...
Agriculture
...
is
...
clearly
...
an
...
option
...
in
...
these
...
countries,
...
especially
...
if
...
a
...
crop
...
which
...
thrives
...
in
...
coastal
...
areas
...
is
...
chosen.
...
Kesich,
...
G.D.
...
&
...
Bell,
...
T.
...
(2007).
...
"Fishery
...
council
...
keeps
...
limits
...
on
...
days
...
at
...
sea."
...
Portland
...
Press
...
Herald.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
18,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/story.php?id=116294&ac=PHnws
...
Maguire,
...
K.
...
(2007).
...
"U.S.
...
denies
...
request
...
to
...
aid
...
fishermen."
...
The
...
Boston
...
Globe.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
18,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/10/23/us_denies_request_to_aid_fishermen/
...
Small
...
Island
...
Developing
...
States
...
(1999).
...
"Special
...
Ministeral
...
Conference
...
On
...
Agriculture
...
in
...
Small
...
Developing
...
States."
...
Food
...
And
...
Agriculture
...
Organization
...
of
...
the
...
United
...
Nations,
...
2003.
...
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2000).
...
"Plan
...
of
...
Action
...
Project
...
for
...
Agriculture
...
in
...
the
...
Small
...
Developing
...
Nations."
...
Food
...
and
...
Agricultural
...
Organizations
...
of
...
the
...
United
...
Nations,
...
2000.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
21,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/X4444E.htm
...
(December
...
2006).
...
Days-at-sea
...
restrictions
...
a
...
major
...
blow
...
for
...
Scots
...
fleet.
...
The
...
Buchan
...
Observer.
...
Retrieved
...
21
...
November
...
2007,
...
from:
...
http://www.buchanie.co.uk/archived/2006/week_52/news/fishfleet.asp
...
"Japan
...
-
...
Fishing".
...
(2007).
...
Encyclopedia
...
of
...
Nations.
...
JRink.
...
Retrieved
...
Noember
...
22,
...
2007.
...
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Japan-FISHING.html
...
Japan
...
::
...
The
...
Modernization
...
of
...
Japan
...
(1853-1905)
...
.
...
Britannica
...
Student
...
Encyclopedia
...
.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
22,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-203219/Japan
...
Japan
...
defends
...
whaling
...
'tradition'.
...
(2007).
...
CNN
...
.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
22,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/18/japan.whale.ap/
...
Japan's
...
Whaling
...
Fleet
...
Sails
...
Despite
...
International
...
Censure.
...
(2007).
...
Enviornment
...
News
...
Service
...
.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
22,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2007/2007-11-20-01.asp
...
Kakuchi,
...
S.
...
(2003).
...
Japan's
...
fishing
...
industry
...
in
...
peril.
...
Asia
...
Times
...
.
...
Retrieved
...
November
...
22,
...
2007,
...
from
...
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/EF28Dh03.html
...
Gorez,
...
B.
...
(9
...
April
...
2003).
...
ACP
...
EU
...
Fisheries
...
relations:
...
Towards
...
greater
...
sustainability.
...
CTA
...
and
...
the
...
Commonwealth
...
Secretariat.
...
"The
...
Magnuson-Stevens
...
Conservation
...
and
...
Management
...
Act."
...
(P.L.
...
94-265,
...
12
...
January
...
2007).
...
United
...
States
...
Statutes
...
at
...
Large
...
94
...
(2007).
...