Page History

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(2) runoff pollution, including fertilizers (causal agent of eutrophication), sediments, and industrial pollutants

(3) habitat destruction

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(1) DAMS
I.                    Significance:

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Young, Leroy M. Fish Habitat and Flow: What's the Connection. PA Fish and Boat Commission. PA Fish and Boat Commission, 1997. 28 Oct. 2007 http://www.fish.state.pa.us/anglerboater/2001/ma2001/habtflow.htm.

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(2) Runoff Pollutants

I. PROBLEMS--

Sediments:  Sedimentation also has adverse effects on marine habitats and fish stocks. The sediments decrease the penetration of light into the water, which affects fish feeding and schooling practices, and can lead to reduced survival. Suspended sediments in high concentrations also irritate the gills of fish, and can cause death.  In addition, they destroy the protective mucous covering the eyes and scales of fish, making them more susceptible to infection and disease. A high concentration of sediments also dislodges plants, invertebrates, and insects in the delta bed. This affects the food source of fish, and can result in smaller and fewer fish. Moreover, settling sediments can bury and suffocate fish eggs. They carry toxic agricultural and industrial compounds as well. If these toxins remain in the coastal areas they can cause abnormalities or death in the fish. (Environment Canada 2001)

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International Wetlands
Our goal in creating a more stable and healthier fish population as it pertains to wetlands translates to lessening the rate of depletion of wetlands and restoring needed wetlands on a basis of regional necessity. While the lack of them is common across the globe, the need for specific ones and often the destruction of them due to natural disasters or human interference varies with location. Thus an important compilation of both local task forces, primarily lead by wetlands international (a compilation of regional offices and groups) assisted by and encouraged by laws and regulations is the best solution. Organizations like Wetlands International play a particularly important role in this setup because they both organize the needed local tasks forces and catalyze the political action process. Wetlands International's mission statement serves to clarify its duality in its proposal that it "works in local areas to help create restoration programs combined with stricter enforcement," (Finlayson, 2006). These locally funded projects include rebuilding mangrove forests in South East Asia which were depleted after the Tsunami and their lack has hindered fish populations. In India wetlands and swamps are being illegally logged and drained for agriculture which in addition to their mal effects on the fish populations, is causing wild fires and soil oxidation. Regional task forces are politicking in the legislative process to create harsher penalties for this. In Ukraine, maps were drafted up which led to the establishment of the Dniro eco-corridor. With greater funding companies like Wetlands International can be expanded to serve a greater number of regional areas and additional companies with focuses on litigation, tourism and recovery could also be introduced into the global scheme.

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III. Habitat Destruction

Problem:

Conversion of coastal ecosystems for agriculture or aquaculture has adverse effects on marine fisheries because it destroys the habitat of exploited fish stocks. For example, conversion of mangroves in a number of South and South-East Asian countries during the mid 1990s caused an increased risk of diseases in wild stock. It also significantly reduced the recruitment and survival rate of the stocks. Since some 90% of fish stocks depend on coastal habitat for at least parts of their life cycle, this is an issue that should be addressed. (Perrings 2000)

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Furthermore, for effective management of coastal fisheries, local spawning and nursery grounds need to be identified (Knutsen 2003). In exploited areas, restrictions on point and nonpoint source pollution (such as sewage and fertilizer runoff) must be passed and enforced. Additionally, population models can be identified to make better regulation. For example, (Rose et al. 2001) suggested a model that categorized freshwater and marine species into three general strategists: opportunistic strategist, equilibrium strategist, and period-life strategists. We have to also keep in mind parameters such as stock biomass, predator consumption, fish mortality and fecundity, and human consumption when devising regulations for management of coastal fisheries (Oguz 2007).We can also create market based instruments for environmental protection in coastal and marine systems. This means assigning property rights (creating markets) and applying taxes, subsidies, user fees and/or charges to address the problem.   

Wiki Markup*{+}Work Cited:+*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bildstein, Keith L,&nbsp; Bancroft, G Thomas,&nbsp; et al.&nbsp;   Bildstein, Keith L,  Bancroft, G Thomas,  et al. (1991). Approaches to the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conservation of Coastal Wetlands in the Western Hemisphere.&nbsp;The Wilson &nbsp;&nbsp; Bulletin,&nbsp;_103_(2),&nbsp;218.&nbsp; Retrieved November 2, 2007, from Sciences &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Module&nbsp;database. (Document ID:&nbsp;3813300).&nbsp;Environment Canada (2001). Why is sediment important? Retrieved November 2, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2007. URL: [to the                         Conservation of Coastal Wetlands in the Western Hemisphere. The Wilson    Bulletin, 103(2), 218.  Retrieved November 2, 2007, from Sciences          Module database. (Document ID: 3813300). Environment Canada (2001). Why is sediment important? Retrieved November 2,             2007. URL: http://www.ec.gc.ca/Water/en/nature/sedim/e_effect.htm]&nbsp;Gattuso Gattuso, Jean-Pierre and Stephen V. Smith (Lead Authors); J. Emmett Duffy (Topic &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;         Editor). 2007. "Coastal zone." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland &nbsp;   (Washington,D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Science and the Environment). \[First published March 7, 2007; Last revised &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; March 20, 2007; Retrieved October 12, 2007\]. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <[for          Science and the Environment). [First published March 7, 2007; Last revised             March 20, 2007; Retrieved October 12, 2007].          <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Coastal_zone]> &nbsp;Knutsen Knutsen, H., Jorde, P. E., Andre, C., & Stenseth, N. C. (2003). Fine-scaled geographical population structuring in a highly mobile marine species: The atlantic cod. _Molecular ecology, 12_(2), 385-394. &nbsp;Nieminen Nieminen, M., Ahti, E., Nousiainen, H., Joensuu, S. & Vuollekoski, M. 2005. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Capacity of riparian buffer zones to reduce sediment concentrations in discharge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; from peatlands drained for forestry. Silva Fennica         Capacity of riparian buffer zones to reduce sediment concentrations in discharge         from peatlands drained for forestry. Silva Fennica 39(3): 331\--339.&nbsp;Oguz Oguz, Temel. (2007).&nbsp;   Nonlinear response of Black Sea pelagic fish stocks to over-exploitation.- <span style="color: black"><strong><span style="text-decoration: line-through; ">Marine Ecology Progress Series,</span></strong></span> - Marine Ecology Progress Series, 345:211-228. &nbsp;Perrings Perrings, Charles (2000). Sustainability indicators for fisheries in integrated coastal &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; area management. Marine and Freshwater Research 51, 513-\-522.&nbsp;Rose, K. A., Cowan, J. H., Winemiller, K. O., Myers, R. A., & Hilborn, R. (2001). Compensatory density dependence in fish populations: Importance, controversy, understanding and prognosis. _Fish and Fisheries, 2_(4), 293-327. &nbsp;UniversityofNorth Carolina. Wetland Protection Plan. Retrieved November 2, 2007. URL: coastal            area management. Marine and Freshwater Research 51, 513-522. Rose, K. A., Cowan, J. H., Winemiller, K. O., Myers, R. A., & Hilborn, R. (2001). Compensatory density dependence in fish populations: Importance, controversy, understanding and prognosis. Fish and Fisheries, 2(4), 293-327.  UniversityofNorth Carolina. Wetland Protection Plan. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
URL: http://ils.unc.edu/parkproject/resource/scorp/scorp_ch6.pdf\\
Finlayson, MAx. (2006). Wetlands International Annual Review 2006. http://www.wetlands.org/publication.aspx?ID=c76e4f7a-41c5-4aca-9a73-ffc5e69f5d89
van der Duim, R and Henkens, R, Wageningen (2007) Wetlands, poverty reduction and sustainable tourism developement, oppurtunities and constraints. http://www.wetlands.org/publication.aspx?ID=8d31d63c-edef-4daa-b309-9674d6af52fa
Dietz, Walt. (2007). Wetlands the Vital Link http://www.fish.state.pa.us/anglerboater/2001/mj2001/vitalink.htm