Part A
A railroad car that is open on the top is rolling freely (without friction) along a straight, level section of track when it begins to rain heavily at a steady rate. The rain collects in the car at a rate of 1.0 cm per minute. The dimensions of the car are 10.0 m long by 3.0 m wide and the mass of the (empty) car is 1200 kg. If the car was initially moving at a rate of 2.5 m/s and the rain is falling straight down, what is the speed of the car 2.0 minutes after the rain has begun?
System: Train car as a point particle plus the rain collected in 2.0 minutes as a point particle. We will ignore the vertical direction, so there are no relevant external forces (gravity and the normal force each provide no x-component).
The y direction can be neglected here because the normal force of the ground guarantees that the train car will not accelerate in the y direction.
Model: [Momentum and Impulse].
Approach: Since there is no friction and the track is level, any change in the speed of the car must be due to the rain. By including the rain in our system, we have ensured that all x-forces are internal. Thus, the x-momentum must be a constant. We can therefore write:
\begin
[ p^
_
= p^
_
+ p^
_
= p^
_
= p^
_
+ p^
_
] \end
We define the initial time to be the instant before it begins to rain, because we have information about the car's velocity at that point. The final time is taken to be 2.0 seconds after the rain begins. Before the rain has accumulated in the car, it has zero x-velocity and hence zero x-momentum. After it has accumulated in the car, it is moving with the same speed as the train car. Thus, we can write:
\begin
[ m^
v^
_
= \left(m^
+ m^
\right)v_
] \end
It might be confusing that we can treat the rain, which falls individually as drops, as if it were one solid object. The reason we can get away with this is the assumption that all the rain drops fall with exactly the same x-momentum, and that they end up at rest with respect to the car. Because all the drops experience the same momentum change we can simply group them together and consider the momentum of the "rain block".
All that remains is to determine the mass of the rain. We can do this by noting that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and that the water has filled the car to 2.0 cm deep, indicating a collected mass of:
\begin
[ m^
= \rho^
V^
= (\mbox
^
)(\mbox
\times\mbox
\times\mbox
) = \mbox
]\end
We can now solve to find:
\begin
[ v_
= \frac{m^
v^
_{x,i}}{m^
+ m^{\rm rain}} = \mbox
]\end
Part B
Consider again the situation of Part A. Suppose that the rain is falling with a speed of 10.0 m/s, and that it comes to rest with respect to the train car immediately upon impact. At the instant the rain begins to hit the car, what is the force exerted on the train car by the rain?
System: The rain entering the car in a time t, treated as a point particle. The rain is subject to external forces from gravity and from the railroad car. We will make the standard collision approximation that gravity is negligible compared to the collision force.
Model: [Momentum and Force].
Approach:
Note that we have chosen to model the water, even though we are asked for the force from the water on the car. During the collision, the collision forces on the water dominate and so we can solve for them. The collision forces on the car, however, are not dominant. The y-component of the collision force is completely balanced by the normal force. For this reason it is hard to solve for the force using the car's dynamics. Instead, we will use Newton's 3rd Law to relate the collision force on the rain to the force from the rain on the car.
We will make the approximation that enough raindrops are hitting the car that the rain can essentially be treated as a continuous flow of water. The force that acts on the water is equal to the time derivative of its momentum. Because of the discontinuous nature of the impact (the rain is assumed to stop instantaneously) it is impossible to express the rain's momentum as a continuous function of time. For this reason, we must re-express the law of interaction:
\begin
[ F_
= \frac{dp_{x}}
= \lim_
\frac{p_
(t) - p_
(0)}
= \lim_
\frac{m^
(t)v^
- m^
(t)(\mbox
)]
[F_
= \frac{dp_{y}}
= \lim_
\frac{p_
(t) - p_
(0)}
= \lim_
\frac{m^
(t)(\mbox
) + m^
(t)v^
\end
Note that the rain is falling downward, which we have chosen to be the negative y direction.
The mass of rain that enters the car in a time t can be expressed in terms of the rate at which the rain accumulates in the car, known to be:
\begin
[ r = \frac{\mbox{1.0 cm}}{\mbox{1.0 min}} = \frac{\mbox{0.01 m}}{\mbox{60 s}} = \mbox
]\end
Because rain falls in drops, not as a continuous sheet, the rate of height accumulation is not the same as the rain's speed through the air!
In terms of this rate r, we can write:
\begin
[ m^
(t) = \rho^
rlwt ]\end
where l and w are the length and width of the train car.
We now have:
\begin
[ F_
= \lim_
\frac{\rho^
rlwtv^{\rm car}}
= \rho^
rlwv^
= 12.5 N ]
[ F_
= \lim_
\frac{\rho^
rlwtv^{\rm rain}}
= \rho^
rlwv^
= 50 N ]\end
Both components should be positive, since the rain is acquiring a positive x-velocity and losing a negative y-velocity.
The total force on the rain is therefore:
\begin
[ F^
= \mbox
\hat
+ \mbox
\hat
= \mbox
^
\mbox
]\end
Thus, the force on the car is 52 N at 256° counterclockwise from the +x axis.