Requirements (Delete before submitting):

Update your group's wiki page so that it contains a section GR3 Paper Prototyping, containing the following subsections:

• *Prototype photos.*Digital photos of the pieces of your prototype. Show the prototype in interesting states; don't just show a blank window. Although you will iterate your paper prototype during this assignment, the photos only need to show one iteration.
• *Briefing.*The briefing you gave to users.
• *Scenario Tasks.*The tasks you gave to users, as you wrote them on the cards.
• Observations.*Usability problems you discovered from the testing. Describe critical incidents encountered by the users, but *don't record users' names. Record these as a series of high-level takeaways, focusing on the usability problems you saw, rather than what each participant did. For instance, you might describe how you had some learnability issues with your prototype, as evidenced by users B and C clicking all of the menus to try to find option X.
• *Prototype iteration.*You did two rounds of paper prototyping. Describe how your prototype changed between those two rounds.

Briefing:

Thanks so much for helping us test our website.

This website is designed to improve the efficiency of the election auditing process. This is the process by which ballots are manually recounted to verify election results. Note that most election auditors are retired and elderly.

The way that ballot auditing happens is as follows:

• Ballot auditors work in pairs of people - the reader and the recorder. You will be the recorder
• One of us will serve as your reader. That person takes each ballot and reads out the results to you, the recorder.
• The recorder enters this result into the system. This process continues until all ballots have been entered. In your case, the total number of ballots is five.

The task is for you to enter these five ballots. We will give you the tasks as you go, here is your first one.

Scenario Tasks:

Round 1:

Task 1:

• Task: “Begin entering votes. Go through one full ballot at a time.”

Task 2: After 4 ballots have been entered:

• Reader: “Oops, we should have entered 5 ballots, but we’re only at 4. I think we need to start over”. -hands next task to them-
• Task: “Restart audit.

Task 3:

• Task: “Begin entering votes. Go through one full ballot at a time.”

Task 4: Enter 2 ballots correctly. On the second race of ballot #3:

• Reader: Say “Johnson and Gray” in race 1
• Reader: “Another mistake. That last race should actually have been Obama and Biden”. Here’s another task.
• Task: “Correct the entry for the previous race to “Obama and Biden”

Task 5: After 4 ballots have been entered, at any point:

• Reader: “My eyesight is really struggling, I just remembered that on the presidential race on the last ballot, I got it wrong. It should have been Stein and Honkala, see?” (can show ballot? hand task to them)
• Task: “Correct the presidential race on the previous ballot to “Stein and Honkala”

Task 6: After 4 ballots have been entered, at any point:

• “Finish entering votes”

Round 2:
(We changed the wording slightly to make the usability test process faster)

INSERT TASKS HERE!

Observations:

Round 1:

User 1:

• Asked if they were buttons
• No problem finding buttons
• Assumes race means same ballot -> strange because different levels of seriousness (could accidentally hit wrong help button)
• Knew restart previous ballot because it was in previous ballot summary
• Interesting - why fix mistake over back?
• Safety for restart all auditing? "Are you sure" button?
• Perhaps keep party lines for top/bottom over frequency

User 2:

• Wants candidates in a list to easily select
• "I don't actually say who the write-in was?"
• Hesitation restarting all audits
• Likes that the buttons are big and far apart
• Confused about what "previous" means
• Wants to be able to click left side of the screen to correct

User 3:

• \[\]

• "Don't you have to write who the write-in was?"
• Lots of time reading the menu
• Lots of hesitation before selecting an option (bu didn't click 'Help')
• Chose "restart previous ballot" instead of "restart previous race" -> was confused about wording
• "Fix previous race" instead of "restart previous ballot"
• Then got "fix this ballot"
• Really likes the giant screen, easy to use and less chance for mistakes
• Why previous ballot summary? Could get confusing
• Confused between "race" and "ballot" in the menu
• What do you do with more candidates?
• Tradeoff between big screen and changing screens frequently, but good call
• How does this look on the screen?

User 4:

• Are these buttons or drag and drop?
• What happens if you make a mistake? -> jumped ahead in tasks
• Successfully fixed a mistake without hesitation
• "Prototype is very thorough"
• Restarted previous race without hesitation
• "Race" -> last race or previous ballot?
• Do you need to record who the write in was?
• "Does the progress bar measure races in a ballot or across all ballots?"

Round 2:

User 1:

• Where do you enter write-in? 
• Doesn't see candidate names as buttons to click on
• Restarted previous ballot opposed to just clicking race/candidate name
• Understood the second time that you can click a name and not just reset whole ballot
• Like the fix mistake button.

User 2:

• Can tell that in the main screen, right is for selection and left is for verification
• "You have to reenter all information?" when going back to fix mistake
• Expected to change just one race and return to same location
• Expected to see the panel on the right - "You work on the left and see a review on the right"

Users 3 and 4:

• weird to click on the left panel after getting used to just using that as feedback
• confused about reset and clicking on a race
• wants to see animation of current moving down to previous
• wants heading to be at top, buttons closer together
• didn't read help menu carefully
• read help menu sequentially, as if things were in order
• wants to fix mistakes two ballots ago
• really doesn't understand what the reset ballot button does

Prototype Iterations:

Most users found the main screen easy and intuitive to use, but had lots of trouble understanding the "Fix Mistake" menu. As a result, we focused on changing that menu in our second iteration. The terminology of auditing is confusing, but our testers never chose the "Help" menu. As a result, we now just display the instructions on the right hand-panel to make sure all information is shown from the start. In addition, instead of lots of buttons requiring understanding of auditing terms, the edit button now shows up beside each ballot, and each race/candidate name becomes a clickable button. Now users can just click on what they need to edit without knowing the name for it. The bottom buttons of the left panel include "cancel" and "restart whole audit" to make these two items distinct. We also added a confirmation page so any choice informs the user what proceeding will do the audit, and gives them a chance to cancel. This improves the system safety.

Paper Prototype Images: