Enterobacter cloacae
HOW TO TRANSFORM AND CULTURE
- The complete E. cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047 genome contains a single circular chromosome of 5,314,588 bp and two circular plasmids, pECL_A and pECL_B, of 200,370 and 85,650 bp (GenBank accession numbers CP001918, CP001919 and CP001920, respectively).[34]
- The other genomes of E. cloacae that have been sequenced are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers CP002272, CP002886, FP929040 and AGSY00000000.
- Complete Genome Sequence of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae Type Strain ATCC 13047: http://jb.asm.org/content/192/9/2463.long
- Culture conditions:
- For microbial fuel cell: Aerobically grown, 30 °C, attach bacteria to solid anode surface to form biofilm, sparged with N2 gas
METABOLISM
- Pure cultures on cellulose produce predominately acetate, as well as various volatile fatty acids and solvents
- “Therefore, while this strain can both degrade cellulose and produce electricity, it cannot fully utilize some breakdown products for power generation. Complete utilization of the carbon sources in an MFC, therefore, would still require addition of other microbial strains to the culture or genetic modification of E. cloacae to use these substrates” – opportunity for improvement
- “The current densities produced by the mixed culture during the last three serial transfers was higher than that produced by either strain of E. cloacae. The reason for this is not known, but it is likely that other bacteria in the mixed community were able to use breakdown products produced by E. cloacae for power generation”
- E. cloacae cannot use lactate, acetate, or butyrate for power generation
- E. cloacae can generate power from sugars (glucose and sucrose) and glycerol, and can ferment glucose, sucrose, and cellobiose to produce hydrogen
Biochemical characteristics of E. cloacae ATCC 13047T and E. cloacae FR
Carbon source and electron donor | Utilization by: | |
E. cloacae ATCC 13047T | Isolate FR | |
Dextrin | + | + |
Glycogen | +a | +a |
N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine | + | + |
D-Cellobiose | + | + |
L-Arabinose | + | + |
Gentiobiose | +a | +a |
D-Glucose | +a | +a |
D-Lactose | + | + |
Sucrose | + | + |
Acetic acid | +a | +a |
cis-Acontic acid | + | + |
Citric acid | + | + |
Formic acid | +a | +a |
Lactic acid | + | + |
Glycerol | + | + |
a Weak.
- The bacteria contain beta-lactamase, which is an enzyme that is responsible for antibiotic resistance during treatment and cannot be detected in vitro. This organism is a glucose fermenter and is able to grow in aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres. Enterobacter cloacae tests positive for beta-galactosidase, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine ecarboxylase, citrate utilization, nitrate reduction, and Voges-Proskauer reaction. Although acid is produced from many carbon sources, this bacteria does not produce lysine decarboxylase, hydrogen sulfide, urease, tryptophan deaminase, and indole
- Resolution of distinct membrane-bound enzymes from Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1 that are responsible for selective reduction of nitrate and selenate oxyanions: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16885262
- Nitrate reductase is expressed under anaerobic conditions
- Preliminary studies on the production of endo-1,4-β–D-glucanases activity produced by Enterobacter cloacae: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/58668/46996
- Production and assay of cellulolytic enzyme activity of Enterobacter cloacae WPL 214 isolated from bovine rumen fluid waste of Surabaya abbatoir, Indonesia: http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.8/March-2015/19.pdf
- cellulolytic enzyme having activity ofendo-(1,4)-β-D-glucanase, exo-(1,4)-β-D-glucanase and β-glucosidase can be produced from cellulolytic isolates of E. cloacae
- More general info about cellulose degradation:
- Enzymology of cellulose degradation: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00058833
- CELLULOSE DEGRADATION IN ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENTS: http://web.mit.edu/pweigele/www/Towards%20a%20Personal%20Bioreactor/Readings_files/Anaerobic%20cellulose%20degredation.pdf
- Microbial diversity of cellulose hydrolysis: http://bioenergycenter.org/besc/publications/wilson_microbial.pdf
NITROGEN FIXATION
- Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the nitroreductase gene from Enterobacter cloacae: http://www.jbc.org/content/266/7/4126.short
- Diazotrophic Mixed Cultures of Azospirillum Brasilense and Enterobacter Cloacae:
Coculture of A. brasilense and E. cloacae on semi-solid medium showed two compartments, one for each bacterium, and led to efficient nitrogen fixation. A. brasilense in the culture grew and fixed nitrogen using the fermentation products produced by E. cloacae, including acetic and succinic acids, acetoin and 2,3-butanediol.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-79906-8_21
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION – MICROBIAL FUEL CELL
- Simultaneous Cellulose Degradation and Electricity Production by Enterobacter cloacae in a Microbial Fuel Cell: http://aem.asm.org/content/75/11/3673.full
- Electricity Production from Cellulose in a Microbial Fuel Cell Using a Defined Binary Culture: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es070577h
- Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose coupled with electricity generation in a microbial fuel cell: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683248
- Metabolite-based mutualism between Pseudomonas aeruginosaPA14 and Enterobacter aerogenes enhances current generation in bioelectrochemical systems: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2011/ee/c1ee01377g
- Microbial fuel cell of Enterobacter cloacae: Effect of anodic pH microenvironment on current, power density, internal resistance and electrochemical losses: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036031991101408X
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
- Continuous hydrogen production by immobilized Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 using lignocellulosic materials as solid matrices http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141022901003945
- Redirection of biochemical pathways for the enhancement of H2 production by Enterobacter cloacae: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1010334803961
- Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells.
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274068
- Enhancement in hydrogen production by co-cultures of Bacillus and Enterobacter: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319914020837
- Comparative study of biological hydrogen production by pure strains and consortia of facultative and strict anaerobic bacteria: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852410018973
- Syntrophic co-culture of aerobic Bacillus and anaerobic Clostridium for bio-fuels and bio-hydrogen production: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036031990800685X
- Microbial hydrogen production from sewage sludge bioaugmented with a constructed microbial consortium: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.059
ETHANOL PRODUCTION
- Cellulosic ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis harboring an endoglucanase gene from Enterobacter cloacae: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971639
MODELING AND COCULTURES:
- Modelling the interactions between Lactobacillus curvatus and Enterobacter cloacae. II. Mixed cultures and shelf life predictions
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10563464
- Fermentative degradation of monohydroxybenzoates by defined syntrophic cocultures: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00470878
- Relevance of microbial coculture fermentations in biotechnology: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04659.x/full
- Microbial diversity and genomics in aid of bioenergy: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10295-007-0300-y
- Production of Clean Fuel from Waste Biomass using Combined Dark and Photofermentation: http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jce/papers/vol1-issue4/F0143947.pdf
QUESTIONS:
- Can we grow the bacteria in an anaerobic environment?