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- Temperature: piecewise-linear function of altitude — the atmosphere is split into 8 layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, etc.), each with its own fixed lapse rate (rate of temperature change with altitude). Model builds this layer table anchored to ground T instead of 288.15 K.
- Pressure: solved from the hydrostatic equation within each layer — either an exponential decay (in isothermal layers) or a power-law relation (in layers where temperature changes linearly), again anchored to ground P.
- Density: derived from the ideal gas law, ρ = P/(R·T), using the T and P already computed.
- Speed of sound: a = √(γRT) — depends only on temperature.
- Viscosity: Sutherland's Law, a semi-empirical formula for how air viscosity increases with temperature.
- Gravity: inverse-square falloff with altitude using Earth's radius, g = g₀(Rₑ/(Rₑ+h))².