MIT 8.01 Lesson 3: Motion with Constant Velocity and Zero Net Force

Lesson Summary

We now explore our first model - motion with constant velocity.  According to Newton, this is the natural state of motion.  If the net external force acting on a body is zero, the body will move with constant velocity (with respect to an inertial coordinate system).

Learning Objectives

After completing this Lesson, students should be able to:

• understand and use the One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Velocity model template from the [Model Hierarchy].
• accomplish the Learning Objectives listed in that template.

Allowed Systems and the Center of Mass    

The concept of position can only (by definition) apply to a single point. Because of the central role of position in the One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Velocity model, the template for this model states that it is restricted to describe only a single point particle.

When an object is moving with constant velocity, however, the majority of the object will usually be moving with the same velocity. Consider, for example, a truck moving down the road at a constant speed. You could describe the position of the truck by any given point on the truck's frame: the driver's side door handle, the right front headlight, the rear license plate, etc. No matter which point you pick, you will find essentially the same motion, with a small offset of the absolute position. The velocity of any of these points is identical. Thus, even though a truck is certainly not a true point particle, it can be thought of as one for the purposes of this model. Further, essentially any point on the truck can be chosen as the location of the "point particle truck", but because later models will require us to think of the linear motion of a body as the motion of its center of mass it is advantageous to begin training ourselves now to think of the truck's center of mass as the appropriate point at which to label the truck's "true" position.

Relevant Interactions - All and None    

The One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Velocity - Zero Net Force model applies when there is zero net force on an object. This does not mean there are no forces or interactions present - it means that if any interaction acts on the system it either produces a negligible force or its force is perfectly balanced by forces from opposing interactions. Thus, there are no interactions that are particularly relevant for the Law of Change for this model.

The Law of Change    

Because of the extreme restrictions placed on the systems and interactions described by the One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Velocity model, the Law of Change for the model is rather simple. The mathematical definition of velocity (for one-dimensional motion) is:

If v is a constant, this equation can be straightforwardly integrated:

which (after algebraic rearrangement) gives:

where:

Coordinate Systems     

Because a difference in position is required when employing the Law of Change for the One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Velocity model, it is important to carefully consider the problem statement, define a useful coordinate system, and accurately assign the initial and final positions. The power to choose an advantagous origin and direction for your coordinates is a feature of all the motion models that can often be exploited to simplify calcuations, but it is important to remember that with great power comes great responsibility: failing to consciously choose a coordinate system can lead to sloppy math and an incorrect solution.

Graphical Representation    

The Law of Change for the One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Velocity model can be expressed:

which is remeniscent of the equation for the slope of a line. In fact, if we plot a position versus time graph, then the equation above becomes exactly the equation for the slope of the graph. Since we know that v is constant, the slope is constant and the graph will be a line.

Decomposition of Complicated Motions    

Although it is rare on earth for an object to move continuously with constant velocity, many realistic motions can be decomposed into segments that are well represented by constant velocity motion. By matching the initial conditions of each segment (time and position) to the final conditions of the previous segment, the entire motion can be described using only the simple Law of Change for the One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Velocity model.

Mathematically, motion with constant velocity is quite straightforward: the velocity is constant and the position changes linearly with time.  The hard part sometimes is to determine why the net force is zero when some forces are more obvious than others.

Introduction to the Model Description and Assumptions This model is applicable to a single point particle moving with constant velocity, which implies that it is subject to no net force (zero acceleration). Equivalently, the model applies to an object moving in one-dimension whose position versus time graph is linear. It is a subclass of the One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration model defined by the constraint a = 0. Learning Objectives Students will be assumed to understand this model who can: Describe the difference between distance and displacement. Define average velocity and average speed. Describe the features of a motion diagram that exhibits motion with constant velocity. Relate displacement, time and velocity. Find velocity from the slope of a position versus time graph. Describe the properties of the position versus time graph given the velocity and the initial position for a trip made at constant velocity. Mathematically determine when two objects moving with constant velocity will meet by constructing and solving a system of equations. Graphically determine when two objects moving with constant velocity will meet. S.I.M. Structure of the Model Compatible Systems A single point particle (or a system treated as a point particle with position specified by the center of mass). Relevant Interactions In order for the velocity to be constant, the system must be subject to no net force. Law of Change Mathematical Representation Diagrammatic Representations motion diagram position versus time graph velocity versus time graph Click here for a Mathematica Player application illustrating these representations. Click here to download the (free) Mathematica Player from Wolfram Research Relevant Examples Examples Involving Purely One-Dimensional Motion Page: Overdriving Headlights — How long can you drive at constant velocity before you have to hit the brakes, assuming standard night detection distances? 1d_motion constant_velocity example_problem mechanics kinematics Page: Campus Tour — Basic problem to illustrate graphical representation of position and velocity. 1d_motion example_problem constant_velocity graphical_representation graphing_motion kinematics mechanics Page: Where Do We Meet? — Two people moving in one dimension with constant speed are destined to meet – but where? 1d_motion constant_velocity example_problem catch-up mechanics kinematics graphical_representation Examples Involving Determining when Two Objects Meet Page: Where Do We Meet? — Two people moving in one dimension with constant speed are destined to meet – but where? 1d_motion constant_velocity example_problem catch-up mechanics kinematics graphical_representation Examples Involving Projectile Motion Page: Watch Your Head — Consider the impulse and average force delivered to the head of a player performing a "header" in soccer. example_problem impulse projectile_motion average_force Page: Dwarf Mistletoe — Perhaps this parasitic plant should be called "Dwarf Missiletoe". projectile_motion example_problem kinematics freefall constant_acceleration vectors mechanics Page: Throwing a Baseball 2 (Vectors) — How fast is the ball moving just before it impacts the ground? projectile_motion example_problem kinematics mechanics constant_acceleration freefall Page: Throwing a Baseball 1 (The Basics) — How far will the ball travel horizontally from the instant it leaves your hand until the instant it first contacts the ground? projectile_motion kinematics example_problem mechanics freefall constant_acceleration All Examples Using This Model Page: Overdriving Headlights — How long can you drive at constant velocity before you have to hit the brakes, assuming standard night detection distances? 1d_motion constant_velocity example_problem mechanics kinematics Page: Campus Tour — Basic problem to illustrate graphical representation of position and velocity. 1d_motion example_problem constant_velocity graphical_representation graphing_motion kinematics mechanics Page: Where Do We Meet? — Two people moving in one dimension with constant speed are destined to meet – but where? 1d_motion constant_velocity example_problem catch-up mechanics kinematics graphical_representation Page: Watch Your Head — Consider the impulse and average force delivered to the head of a player performing a "header" in soccer. example_problem impulse projectile_motion average_force Page: Dwarf Mistletoe — Perhaps this parasitic plant should be called "Dwarf Missiletoe". projectile_motion example_problem kinematics freefall constant_acceleration vectors mechanics Page: Throwing a Baseball 2 (Vectors) — How fast is the ball moving just before it impacts the ground? projectile_motion example_problem kinematics mechanics constant_acceleration freefall Page: Throwing a Baseball 1 (The Basics) — How far will the ball travel horizontally from the instant it leaves your hand until the instant it first contacts the ground? projectile_motion kinematics example_problem mechanics freefall constant_acceleration